• Therefore VEGF and its receptors are expressed

  2025-02-18

  

  Therefore, VEGF and its receptors are expressed in different organs, including the kidneys, the liver and the auda [55]. In the human placenta, VEGF is mainly synthesized by cytotrophoblast and Hofbauer cells early in the first trimester, whereas Flk-1 and Flt-1 receptors are expressed throughout t

• Whereas allostery in the cell

  2025-02-18

  

  Whereas allostery in the β cell is relatively understudied, significant progress has been made in understanding the physiology and mechanistic biology of how AMPK and its upstream kinases govern β cell function. LKB1 phosphorylates AMPKα at Thr172 [21], and loss of LKB1 in β cells abolishes phosphor

• Akt is another upstream kinase known to

  2025-02-18

  

  Akt is another upstream kinase known to phosphorylate AMPK Ser489 in response to high insulin levels [7], [21]. HepG2 trehalose molecular weight show an increase in phosphorylation of AMPK at Ser485 when incubated with either insulin or troglitazone individually (Fig. 5A and C). Despite this concur

• To examine whether the interaction between mGlu and adrenerg

  2025-02-17

  

  To examine whether the interaction between mGlu7 and α1-adrenergic receptors could be confirmed at a behavioural level, we performed the FST in mice. This test has value in predicting the antidepressant-like effect of drugs or environmental manipulations (Krishnan and Nestler, 2008, Krishnan and Nes

• In conclusion the results of this

  2025-02-17

  

  In conclusion, the results of this investigation suggest that the involvement of PGE2 in the pathogenesis of pulpal inflammation and repair may be related to its induction of cAMP production. PGE2-induced cAMP production in dental pulp cells is mediated by binding to the EP2 receptor, activation of

• br Conclusions The present data suggest that homeostatic bal

  2025-02-17

  

  Conclusions The present data suggest that homeostatic balance of the cortical/hippocampal adenosinergic tone is necessary for normal working memory function and any deviation appears to impair performance – either as a consequence of A2AR under-activation when adenosine levels are reduced or due

• In the presence of detrimental conditions such

  2025-02-17

  

  In the presence of detrimental conditions, such as inflammation, hypoxia, ischemia trauma or neoplastic milieu, the extracellular levels of adenosine increase massively, reaching micromolar range [51,52]. In these pathological contexts, adenosine accumulation stems from increased extracellular depho

• br Results br Discussion The actin

  2025-02-17

  

  Results Discussion The Streptavidin affinity beads cytoskeleton is a highly attractive target for many bacterial toxins, owing to its role in activation and locomotion of immune cells, secretion of humoral response factors, and maintenance of protective barriers at the cellular (sub-membrane c

• This study was funded and supported by Tehran University

  2025-02-17

  

  This study was funded and supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services; and Iran National Science Foundation. Introduction The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a central role in the signal transduction in the nervous system, hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acet

• Five alternatively spliced isoforms of ATX have been describ

  2025-02-17

  

  Five alternatively-spliced isoforms of ATX have been described and all are catalytically active [16], [17]. The original ATX described in 1992 is termed ATXα, whereas the most abundant isoform is ATXβ and is the same isoform responsible for plasma lysoPLD activity [18]. Full length ATX is synthesize

• br Concluding remarks Autophagy ensures

  2025-02-17

  

  Concluding remarks Autophagy ensures cell homeostasis and survival through the continuous degradation/recycling of intracellular components. It can also represent a conserved, cell-intrinsic, defense mechanism against invading pathogens, including viruses. The autophagy process can be activated r

• Aurora B is also very

  2025-02-17

  

  Aurora-B is also very important in proper cytokinesis. In the absence of Aurora-B mediated phosphorylation of Ser72 in vimentin, the two daughter cells remain attached to each other through bridges of cytoplasm; cytokinesis fails [31]. Other Aurora-B dependent proteins that are important for cytokin

• Two parallel branches of the DNA damage dependent

  2025-02-17

  

  Two parallel branches of the DNA damage-dependent S-phase checkpoint are thought to co-operate by inhibiting distinct steps of DNA replication. One branch includes the phosphorylation of structural maintenance of chromosomes 1 (SMC1), a cohesin that is activated by ATM or ATR after IR treatment or r

• There is a delicate balance

  2025-02-15

  

  There is a delicate balance between ROS generation and scavenging by the protective antioxidant defenses in the cell. Antioxidant systems present in the Phosphate Colorimetric Assay Kit include enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalases, glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) and peroxiredoxins (PR

• br Angiogenesis as a critical event in diabetic retinopathy

  2025-02-15

  

  Angiogenesis as a critical event in diabetic retinopathy Angiogenesis refers to the abnormal proliferation of blood vessels during various pathological conditions. It acquires the stature of being one of the most detrimental events responsible for the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Angiogen

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